Technology in Reading Comprehension Essay Example for Free

Innovation in Reading Comprehension Essay Justification Throughout the decades prior, Seymour Papert (1980) composed Mindstorms and supported a progressive way of thinking wherein innovation was as observed as a satisfying two significant jobs in training: (an) a heuristic job where the nearness of the PC was viewed as an impetus of rising thoughts and (b) an instrumental job wherein the nearness of the PC would convey thoughts into a world bigger than the exploration habitats where they were hatched. At the point when the Children’s Machine was distributed, Papert (1993) thought back throughout the decade since Mindstorms and posed inquiry, â€Å"Why through a period when so much human action has been altered, have we not seen practically identical change in the manner we help youngsters learn?† Technology’s exponentially expanding power, diminishing costs, convenientce and availability have gone past what it have been begun. However, inside study halls the nation over, there is such an issue on how innovation is being utilized for the upgrade of understanding perception. It isn't the inaccessibility especially of PCs however how they are being utilized in the study hall conversation. In showing perusing, innovation is one of the accessible compelling methodologies. Be that as it may, the utilization of advancements to improve perusing guidance is as yet its earliest stages. This mirrors the innovative abilities that are known to have potential in helping kids to peruse, for example, PC, have just gotten adequately reasonable and accessible in broad use. Despite the fact that it can bolster understudies, powerful guidance should be intelligent. This is Chapter 2 Survey OF RELATED LITERATURE Related Literature This section investigated the writing and learns about the impacts of innovation in upgrading understanding perception. Just not many that identified with the current investigation are introduced in this area. There are researchers’ champion beneficial outcomes of innovation in instruction most particularly in the enhancements of understanding cognizance. Some of them are Boster et.al. (2004), Tracey and Young (2006). Innovation is the study of mechanical expressions. It is the making, utilization and information on instruments, strategies, specialties and frameworks or techniques for association so as to tackle an issue or fill a few needs. (www.wikipedia.com) moreover, innovation alludes to any legitimate and solid procedure or technique that is determined essential exploration utilizing the logical strategy. (Dale, 1969) Innovation in training is bumping proficiency guidance past its oral and print-based custom to grasp on the web and electronic content just as sight and sound. PCs are making new open doors for composing and teaming up. The web is building worldwide scaffolds for understudy to impart, underscoring the requirement for unshakable perusing and composing abilities. By changing how data is assimilated, handled and utilized, innovation is affecting the individuals how to peruse, compose, tune in and impart. (www.wikipedia.com) Chapter 3 System This part contains the strategies and strategy utilized in the examination. These are: the examination configuration; subject of the investigation; research area; information gathering technique; information gathering instrument; and the factual treatment. Exploration Design The exploration technique utilized in this examination was the two-bunch posttest-just randomized analysis. In plan documentation, it has two lines †one for each gathering †with a R toward the start of each line to show that the gatherings were arbitrarily allocated. One gathering gets the treatment or program (the X) and the other gathering is the correlation gathering and doesn’t get the program. Subjects of the Study Two gatherings were associated with this investigation. These two gatherings were all fourth year understudies of BCNHS (Bislig City National High School) in particular; Roca-IV and Depay-IV both have 25 understudies. The examination led during their English class meeting from Monday-Friday at 8:00 †9:00 in the first part of the day, separately during the Second Quarter time of the school year 2011-2012. Section 4 Introduction, DISCUSSION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This section presents and talks about the aftereffects of the examination. The Part I incorporates the scores and understandings of scores from the control and test gatherings; Part II is the conversation of the distinction of the scores among control and exploratory gatherings; and Part III is on the relationship trial of speculation. Table 1 Rating Scale of the Fourth Year High School Students Scores Scores 1-101-15InterpretationDescription 9-1013-15Highly FavorableThe scores of the respondents show extremely high outcome using high innovation 7-810-12FavorableThe scores of the respondents show high outcome using high innovation 5-67-9Moderately FavorableThe scores of the respondents show good outcome using high innovation 3-44-6Less FavorableThe scores of the respondents show less palatable outcome using high innovation 0-20-3Not FavorableThe score of the respondents don't show agreeable outcome using high innovation Table 2 shows the understandings of the scores of the understudies by test contingent upon the degree of appreciation. This was utilized to decide the aftereffects of which innovation must be utilized in upgrading understanding appreciation. Part 5 Rundown, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENTATIONS This part presents the rundown, discoveries, ends and suggestions of the examination. Synopsis The chief motivation behind this investigation was to decide the impacts of innovation in improving perusing appreciation of the fourth year understudies of Bislig City National High School.  The study used two segments of the fourth year students’ populace. On area was picked as the exploratory gathering and the other one was the benchmark group. The two gatherings were given a posttest with a similar understanding book and sorts of test: Test I-Question and Answer (10 things); Test II-Vocabulary Test (10 things); Test III-Depth of Meaning (15 things) and Test IV-Logical Inference (15 things). The specialists acquainted with the test bunch the high innovation utilizing Microsoft Power Point through Power Point Presentation with pictures. The benchmark group utilized the customary route through pen and paper test. The examination explicitly addressed the accompanying inquiries: 1.What are the impacts of utilizing innovation in understanding cognizance? 1.1. What changes will happen on the perusing perception of the understudies when uncovered with innovation?

Paper on Critically Examining the Educational Policy of Malaysia Free Essays

string(111) Policy matters in training with more extensive implications are alluded to Cabinet before official choices are made. Malaysia is one of the world’s quickest developing monetary areas, a quickly developing country in the core of South East Asia. Inside a range of two decades, it has prevailing with regards to achieving financial change of the general public; from its engineering to its way of life, the Malaysian character discusses an agreeable conjunction of its ethnic, social just as strict assorted variety that keeps on being a piece of this country’s beguile and functional reality. Malaysia’s Vision 2020 cows the country towards turning into a completely created and industrialized nation, a majority rule society that is solid in strict and profound qualities, a general public that is liberal and lenient, logical and dynamic, inventive and forward looking. We will compose a custom exposition test on Paper on Critically Examining the Educational Policy of Malaysia or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now This objective is reflected in the strategic the Ministry of Education, that is: â€Å"To build up a world class quality training framework which will understand the maximum capacity of the individual and satisfy the desire of the Malaysian nation.† Instruction has given a strong stage to country’s political just as financial dependability with the end goal of setting up Malaysia as a provincial place for scholarly greatness and transforming training into a top quality fare item. The Malaysian instruction framework has outfitted its youngsters with a degree of fitness and abilities which has placed them comparable to the top understudies in a portion of the world’s best colleges, and at 93%, Malaysia’s proficiency rate is one of the most noteworthy on the planet. The paper focuses on fundamentally looking at the instructive strategy of the Ministry of Education Malaysia, with depiction of social, administrative and monetary situations in which the approach was created. Adequacy of the strategy will be assessed and issues identified with it will be additionally featured, with correlation with the one of the models from class address, for example the gradual model of open approach. The establishment for the advancement of the national training framework lays on the National Philosophy of Education, which expresses that: Education in Malaysia is an on-going exertion towards further building up the capability of people in an all encompassing and incorporated way, in order to create people who are mentally, profoundly, genuinely and truly adjusted and amicable, in light of a firm faith in and dedication to God. Malaysia being a multi-relligious nation, otherworldly, strict and moral qualities of the people are profoundly underlined and energized, which is obvious from the national way of thinking too. Such an exertion is intended to deliver Malaysian residents who are learned and capable, who have high good guidelines, and who are dependable and equipped for accomplishing elevated level of individual prosperity just as ready to add to the congruity and advancement of the family, the general public and the country on the loose. One of the most noteworthy changes started lately is the detailing of new enactment on instruction, which will influence the procedure of instructive changes from pre-school to advanced education. The Education Act 1996 supplanting the former one of 1961 targets uniting the national arrangement of instruction and enlarge the extent of training in the nation. All classifications of schools, except for worldwide ones will be consolidated under the national arrangement of training, which is described by the utilization of a typical vehicle of guidance, a broadly excepted educational program and regular open tests. It will likewise cover such zones as overhauling and improving of pre-school instruction, educator training, specialized curriculum, private and specialized instruction. It gives the instruction more noteworthy noticeable quality, guaranteeing importance and quality in the arrangement of training. The Ministry of Education is straightforwardly liable for the association, the board and advancement of the training in the nation and has a brought together arrangement of instructive organization headed by the Minister of Education. Hey is helped by two Deputy Ministers of Education. The secretary-general of Education is answerable for the managerial issues, and the Director-General of Education is worried about expert issues, and both are legitimately capable to the Minister of Education. â€Å"The Ministry was rebuilt in 1995† and under this new structure there are six head Departments, for example, Pre-school, Primary and Secondary Education Department, Department of Higher Education which facilitates administration and arrangement detailing of state funded colleges and advanced education organizations in the nation; Technical Education Department which is answerable for leading examination, arranging and actualizing specialized and professional projects; Department of Private Education which screens and directs the improvement of private schooling in the nation; Department of Special Education; and Department of Islamic Education which manages the Islamic and Moral Education at all open essential and optional schools. Other than these six Departments, there are a few Divisions, organizations and legal bodies inside the Ministry of Education that are answerable for proficient and authoritative issues that are not taken care of by the six Departments. They can be grouped under two general classes, to be specific Professional and Administrative Divisions. Under Professional Divisions are: Educational Planning and Research Division, which attempts large scale instructive arranging, and screens the usage of instructive arrangements and projects; Educational Technology Division, which redesigns the nature of the educating learning process by giving instructive media and innovative administrations to help instructive projects; Examinations Syndicate answerable for sorting out, administrating and leading every single open assessment for schools; and Federal Inspectorate of Schools, giving proficient oversight on the instructing learning procedure of instructors and administrative administration to class principals. Under Administrative Divisions, there are Organizational Development and Services Division, which directs the execution of the terms and states of the training administration; Scholarship Division; Management Services Division answerable for taking care of general regulatory issues for the Ministry of Education; Financial Division; Information Systems Division and International Relations Division. The managerial structure is sorted out at four progressive levels, in particular, national, state, region and school. An arrangement of boards is set up in the Ministry of Education to encourage between division and intra-division dynamic. The Minister seats the Education Planning Committee, which is the most elevated dynamic body at the government level worried about instructive strategy reception, change and usage. Arrangement matters in instruction with more extensive consequences are alluded to Cabinet before official choices are made. You read Paper on Critically Examining the Educational Policy of Malaysia in classification Papers b) State Education Department (SED) Those instructive arrangements and plans made at the government level are actualized at the state level through the State Education Department. It regulates the usage of instruction strategies, screen national training projects, venture and exercises, just as giving criticism to the focal offices for general arranging. Locale Education Offices are set up in practically all states, with the exception of Perlis, Malacca and the Federal Territories, so as to help the state level authoritative framework. It fundamentally gives the linkage among schools and the SED. At the degree of school, the Headmasters/Principals, helped by a few Senior Assistants are answerable for giving proficient just as authoritative administration in schools. The Parent-Teacher Associations (PTA) cultivate better participation between the school and the network. Malaysia gives 11 years of free tutoring. Instruction is the obligation of the Federal Government, and 20,4% of the yearly National Budget is assigned for training. The national training framework incorporates instruction starting from pre-school to advanced education. Essential and optional training is free however not necessary. Greatness has been accomplished through a painstakingly planned framework that permits adaptability and space for singular methodologies. This is extremely evident at the pre-school and again at tertiary level. Anyway essential and auxiliary training is exceptionally organized, with an educational program which empowers the sound procurement of key information and aptitudes. The affirmation age to the main year of essential instruction is six. Most schools in the nation are government or government-helped schools. The school year begins in January and finishes in November. Understudies sit for normal tests toward the end off essential, lower optional, upper auxiliary and 6th structure levels. The essential level covers a time of between five to seven years, the lower auxiliary three years, trailed by two years at the upper optional and an additional two years at the post auxiliary level. Tertiary training in both the scholarly and expert fields id gave by colleges universities and other open and private establishments of advanced education as appeared in Chart 1. Pre-school training id part of the national instruction framework under the Education Act, 1996. The point of pre-school training is to give a firm establishment to formal instruction at the later stage. They are controlled by government offices, non-legislative associations (NGO’s) just as private establishments. Youngsters by and large start their pre-school level be

All You Should Know about Using Quotes in an Essay

All You Should Know about Using Quotes in an Essay As you tackle your essay writing assignments in college, you will always need to cite someone in your papers. Referencing others, however, requires a certain degree of mastery so that you do it within the defined and established rules of academic writing. The reason is it is extremely necessary to make citations based on different academic writing styles you use in college such as the MLA, APA, and Harvard. That is why you ought to know these styles so that you can do it right. This article will share with you how to make citations using the three styles I have mentioned above. What is a quotation inside your assignment and what is its usefulness? As a student, making citations within your papers is a needful requirement. A quote is a direct or indirect referencing of what another person said about a particular issue. You can reference them verbatim or by rephrasing. But why are quotes important in the overall rating and effectiveness of your assignment? Read on below to find all the answers. First, quoting someone directly concretizes the base of your evidence as you uphold your arguments. This way, you make your arguments livelier. Second, citing others offers your readers concrete proof you play as per the rules since the laws of academic writing demand it. Third, quoting another person in your essay helps to build the credibility of your arguments since you give the reader the opportunity to cross-examine your evidence against an authority. Fourth, making quotes in your paper shows your readers that you respect fair play by respecting other people’s efforts by recognizing them. Fifth, by quoting others in your essays, you prove that you have refused to fall into the trap of plagiarism. However, you need to be discreet when using this method. The reason is that you can fall into another trap if you don’t apply balance. If you fill your essay with excessive citations, you will also lose the value of your essay. You may avoid plagiarism and get the benefits I have mentioned above but lose out on other issues such as originality of thought and the ability to incorporate your personal thoughts into your paper. You may end up looking like another academic parrot and echo that is echoing and parroting things they don’t understand. To get the balance, quotes should bolster your arguments, and not replace your ability to think and argue on your feet. Making citations as per the MLA style The MLA is among the leading and most popular styles of quoting in essays. We start off by looking at how to quote someone in an essay MLA. Should you be required to make quotations using this format, it is necessary you incorporate the name of the author and the page number but leave out the citation’s date. In MLA, quoting anything under four lines is taken to be a shorter citation. While doing so, it is necessary that you give your quotation an introduction so that readers can know what to expect. Additionally, you should place quotes inside double quotation marks with the last name of the author, and the page number. For instance, write, Kim asserts that “More people are dying of lifestyle diseases than HIV/AIDS” (56). If you want to cite someone beyond four lines, that amounts to a long quote. These citations don’t require you to use quotation marks. You need to begin it with a sentence of text followed by a colon. Thereafter, indent the opening sentence of the quote to the right by a single inch. You may finalize by punctuating it and adding the name of the author and the page number in parenthesis after the citation. That is how to put a long quote in an essay in the MLA writing style. Making quotations according to APA style guidelines This section will show you how to quote someone in an essay APA. This style allows you to give the last name of the author and page number like the MLA requires. However, including dates is not a must. In addition, this style demands that you include a “P” in front of the page number. In this style, a short quote is below 40 words. Look at this sample: In the words of Fredrick, (1989), “Exercise has numerous health benefits which the larger population has not yet appreciated” (p. 69). Likewise, this format to make short quotes: Stewart discovered that “Poachers are killing more elephants than we initially thought” (1990, p.46). When making long quotes, follow the same rule the MLA format follows. The only difference is the length of aligning the quotes where you should align it ½ of an inch instead of an inch. When rephrasing quotes, follow the same rules as with direct short quotes but do not include any quotation mark. When citing various authors, use the “” sign to join the names of the authors in an alphabetical order. When citing from the Net, get the author’s name, the year, and paragraph number. Referencing using Harvard style This section shows you how to quote someone in an essay Harvard using the Harvard format. When required to quote someone directly, use single quotation marks to lock the text followed by the author, date, and page number. When quoting four lines of text and above, use block quotes minus quotation marks. If you are supposed to cite someone indirectly, acknowledge the author at the end of the quotes. Find help with your essay This article has shared with you all the established ways of making various types of direct, and indirect citations using the main academic formatting styles. With all these facts at your fingertips, you are better placed to bolster your citation skills. But if you run into deadlines, you can get professional essay writing help from our professional writers here. You are always welcome to talk to us anytime you need urgent essay writing help.

All You Should Know about Using Quotes in an Essay

All You Should Know about Using Quotes in an Essay As you tackle your essay writing assignments in college, you will always need to cite someone in your papers. Referencing others, however, requires a certain degree of mastery so that you do it within the defined and established rules of academic writing. The reason is it is extremely necessary to make citations based on different academic writing styles you use in college such as the MLA, APA, and Harvard. That is why you ought to know these styles so that you can do it right. This article will share with you how to make citations using the three styles I have mentioned above. What is a quotation inside your assignment and what is its usefulness? As a student, making citations within your papers is a needful requirement. A quote is a direct or indirect referencing of what another person said about a particular issue. You can reference them verbatim or by rephrasing. But why are quotes important in the overall rating and effectiveness of your assignment? Read on below to find all the answers. First, quoting someone directly concretizes the base of your evidence as you uphold your arguments. This way, you make your arguments livelier. Second, citing others offers your readers concrete proof you play as per the rules since the laws of academic writing demand it. Third, quoting another person in your essay helps to build the credibility of your arguments since you give the reader the opportunity to cross-examine your evidence against an authority. Fourth, making quotes in your paper shows your readers that you respect fair play by respecting other people’s efforts by recognizing them. Fifth, by quoting others in your essays, you prove that you have refused to fall into the trap of plagiarism. However, you need to be discreet when using this method. The reason is that you can fall into another trap if you don’t apply balance. If you fill your essay with excessive citations, you will also lose the value of your essay. You may avoid plagiarism and get the benefits I have mentioned above but lose out on other issues such as originality of thought and the ability to incorporate your personal thoughts into your paper. You may end up looking like another academic parrot and echo that is echoing and parroting things they don’t understand. To get the balance, quotes should bolster your arguments, and not replace your ability to think and argue on your feet. Making citations as per the MLA style The MLA is among the leading and most popular styles of quoting in essays. We start off by looking at how to quote someone in an essay MLA. Should you be required to make quotations using this format, it is necessary you incorporate the name of the author and the page number but leave out the citation’s date. In MLA, quoting anything under four lines is taken to be a shorter citation. While doing so, it is necessary that you give your quotation an introduction so that readers can know what to expect. Additionally, you should place quotes inside double quotation marks with the last name of the author, and the page number. For instance, write, Kim asserts that “More people are dying of lifestyle diseases than HIV/AIDS” (56). If you want to cite someone beyond four lines, that amounts to a long quote. These citations don’t require you to use quotation marks. You need to begin it with a sentence of text followed by a colon. Thereafter, indent the opening sentence of the quote to the right by a single inch. You may finalize by punctuating it and adding the name of the author and the page number in parenthesis after the citation. That is how to put a long quote in an essay in the MLA writing style. Making quotations according to APA style guidelines This section will show you how to quote someone in an essay APA. This style allows you to give the last name of the author and page number like the MLA requires. However, including dates is not a must. In addition, this style demands that you include a “P” in front of the page number. In this style, a short quote is below 40 words. Look at this sample: In the words of Fredrick, (1989), “Exercise has numerous health benefits which the larger population has not yet appreciated” (p. 69). Likewise, this format to make short quotes: Stewart discovered that “Poachers are killing more elephants than we initially thought” (1990, p.46). When making long quotes, follow the same rule the MLA format follows. The only difference is the length of aligning the quotes where you should align it ½ of an inch instead of an inch. When rephrasing quotes, follow the same rules as with direct short quotes but do not include any quotation mark. When citing various authors, use the “” sign to join the names of the authors in an alphabetical order. When citing from the Net, get the author’s name, the year, and paragraph number. Referencing using Harvard style This section shows you how to quote someone in an essay Harvard using the Harvard format. When required to quote someone directly, use single quotation marks to lock the text followed by the author, date, and page number. When quoting four lines of text and above, use block quotes minus quotation marks. If you are supposed to cite someone indirectly, acknowledge the author at the end of the quotes. Find help with your essay This article has shared with you all the established ways of making various types of direct, and indirect citations using the main academic formatting styles. With all these facts at your fingertips, you are better placed to bolster your citation skills. But if you run into deadlines, you can get professional essay writing help from our professional writers here. You are always welcome to talk to us anytime you need urgent essay writing help.

Using the Spanish Auxiliary Verb Haber for the Perfect Tenses

Just by learning the conjugation of one verb, you can vastly increase the verb tenses and forms you have available in Spanish. It may come as no surprise that the verb is haber, which is translated as the auxiliary verb to have. As an auxiliary verb, haber in Spanish and to have in English are used to form the perfect tenses. Perfect Tenses Used for Completed Actions No, they arent called the perfect tenses because theyre better than the others. But one meaning of perfect, one we dont see very often today outside of literature, is complete. The perfect verb tenses, then, refer to completed actions (although they arent the only way of referring to completed actions). Contrast two ways of referring to something that happened in the past: He salido (I have left) and estaba saliendo (I was leaving). In the first instance, it is clear that the act described by the verb is completed; its something that was over at a specific time. But in the second case, there is no indication when the departure was completed; in fact, the act of leaving still could be occurring. In both English and Spanish, the perfect tenses are formed by using a form of the verb haber or to have followed by the past participle (el participio in Spanish). In English, the participle typically is formed by adding -ed to verbs; the Spanish participle, which has origins related to the English participle, typically is formed by using the ending of -ado for -ar verbs and -ido for -er and -ir verbs. Numerous irregular forms, such as seen and visto, exist in both languages. Types of Perfect Tenses The tense of the resulting verb depends on which tense of haber is used. Use the present tense of haber to create the present perfect tense, the future tense to create the future perfect tense, and so on. Here are examples of the various tenses using haber salido (to have left) in the first-person singular and unconjugated forms. Present perfect indicative: He salido. I have left.Past perfect indicative (pluperfect): Habà ­a salido. I had left.Preterite perfect indicative: Hube salido. I had left.Future perfect indicative: Habrà © salido. I will have left.Conditional perfect indicative: Habrà ­a salido. I would have left.Present perfect subjunctive: (que) haya salido. (that) I have left.Past perfect subjunctive: (que) hubiera salido. (that) I had left.Perfect infinitive: haber salido (to have left)Perfect gerund: habiendo salido (having left) Note that the preterite perfect indicative tense isnt used much in speech or modern writing. Youre most likely to find it in literature. Note also that when standing alone, the subjunctive forms are indistinguishable in English from the indicative forms. In Spanish, the structure of the sentence, not how the verb is translated into English, will determine when the subjunctive is used. See the lessons on the subjunctive mood for more information on this verb mood. Sample Sentences Using the Perfect Tenses Here are some more involved sample sentences that you can examine to see how the perfect tenses are used. You will notice that they generally are used like the same tenses in English. He comprado un coche nuevo pero no puedo manejarlo. (I have bought a new car but I cant drive it. Present perfect indicative.)El traficante de armas no habà ­a leà ­do a Shakespeare. (The arms trafficker had not read Shakespeare. Past perfect indicative)Si yo hubiera hecho esa pelà ­cula  ¡los crà ­ticos me habrà ­an comido vivo! (If I had made that film, the critics would have eaten me alive! Past perfect subjunctive.)Hoy estoy aquà ­; maà ±ana me habrà © ido. (I am here today; tomorrow I will have gone. Future perfect.)No creo que hayan ganado los Rams. (I dont believe the Rams have won. Present perfect subjunctive.)Querà ­amos que hubieran comido. We wanted them to have eaten. Past perfect subjunctive.)Para morirse bien es importante haber vivido bien. (In order die well it is important to have lived well. Perfect infinitive.)Habiendo visto Bogotà ¡ en pantalla cientos de veces, creo que nada va a sorprenderme. (Having seen Bogota on a screen hundreds of times, I think nothing is going to surprise me. Perfect gerund.) Key Takeaways Haber is an common auxiliary verb in Spanish that functions as the equivalent of the English have as an auxiliary verb.Haber forms the perfect tenses, which are used similar to the perfect tenses of English and indicate that an action has or will be completed.Perfect tenses can be used in Spanish for the past, present, and future in both the indicative and subjunctive moods.

Genetically Modified Foods And Their Labels - 1444 Words

Genetically modified foods are products that contain genetically modified organisms. There has been some controversy that customers should be aware of the nutrient labels if the product contains genetically modified ingredients. Researching this topic is very important for everyone to understand and this topic came to mind while finding a page online called Consumer Reports, which is based from, a magazine. This page explains to people why they need to know about GMO foods and their labels. The goal of this research paper is to let customers know that using genetically modified organisms can harm the body to some extent; it could possibly harm the environment, and it could drive up the cost of grocery prices. Genetically modified organisms are created in a laboratory. They alter the genetic makeup of different plants and animals so they can produce more food for consumers. Many people don’t really know if the foods that they buy have some type of GMO ingredients that may be safe to eat. In the article it states that it is important for people to check and read labels on food products that they buy every time they go grocery shopping because it could possibly harm their bodies and someone could possibly be sick or die if they consume genetically modified foods that are not prepared correctly or labeled. The Consumer Reports National Research Center discovered that GMO’s were in many packaged foods that many people didn’t know that they were consuming. Many people say thatShow MoreRelatedGenetically Modified Foods And Their Labels1447 Words   |  6 PagesGenetically Modified Foods Genetically modified foods are products that contain genetically modified organisms. There has been some controversy that customers should be aware on the nutrient labels if the product contains genetically modified ingredients. Researching this topic is very important for everyone to understand and this topic came to mind while finding a page online called Consumer Reports, which is base from, a magazine. This page explains to people why they need to know about GMO foodsRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms : Is A Food Label Necessary?2521 Words   |  11 Pages Genetically Modified Organisms Is a Food Label Necessary? By: Kate Spinosa The addition of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s) also commonly known as Genetically Engineered (GE) to our food products have been a heated controversy for some time now. This debate is currently attracting a lot of consumer/media interest in 2014. From the 1990’s on, GE foods have been consumed by millions of Americans and humans across the world. So what exactly are GE foods? DNA (genes)Read MoreGenetically Modified Foods1101 Words   |  4 Pages Ever wondered what has been put into everyday food and what the impact is on human health? Approximately 60-80 % of everyday food has one ingredient made from genetically modified foods. When hearing â€Å"genetically modified food† people automatically think it is only bad for health, but there is also a good impact surprisingly. The one bad thing is that people do not know what types food have been modified because there are no labels for GMO products. Even though GMOs have a bad impact on humanRead More Genetically Modified Foods Need to be Labeled Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pagesconsumers who purchase genetically modified foods and the companies that processes these foods through genetic modification. Consumers are demanding that all genetically modified foods are labeled so that they will have information about what ingredients are in these foods. The companies who sell genetically modified foods do not want to label them and are making claims that labeling these foods would raise food prices, hurt farmers, and cause genetically modified foods to gain the reputation ofRead MoreGenetically Food And Drug Administration Regulates Labeling Of Genetically Modified Food1090 Words   |  5 PagesGenetically engineered has foreign genes inserted into their genetic code. In 1973 the idea of a man made DNA or rDNA came from Stanford University from a grad student. Also Professor Herbert Boyer and some of his biologist friends decided to try it. 75 percent of our processed food that U.S. produce contain some genetically modified ingredients. Some of this are crackers, breakfast cereal, and some cooking oils. Mostly everything that contains soy or corn even high fructose corn syrup have at leastRead MoreThe Consequences of Eating Genetically Modified Foods Essay examples581 Words   |  3 PagesUnited States don’t know that we’re already eating life threatening foods daily. We can’t tell these dangerous foods apart from the safe ones, because the US Food and Drug administration refuses to label them. Some of us care about our wellbeing so instead of the FDA poisoning we unknowingly let us poison ourselves if we choose too by the label. Some may not mind eating genetically modified foods, but as for me I don’t want to. It’s in our meat, it’s in our plants and it’sRead MoreHarmful Effects Of Genetically Modified Organisms1666 Words   |  7 PagesThe Harmful Effects of Genetically Modified Organisms Does one really know how harmful genetically modified foods are to living organisms, or even to the environment? In grocery stores, 70% of the processed food sold contains genetically modified soybeans and corn. Also, a large percentage of canola, sugar beets, and sugar cane are genetically modified. Without even knowing it, Americans have been consuming genetically modified ingredients that have been hidden in their food since 1996. Is it notRead MoreThe Federal Government Should Require Labeling Of Gmo’S1188 Words   |  5 Pageson genetically modified foods. The people deserve to know what they put in their bodies. Some of the food is very unhealthy and some people are completely unaware of that fact. Many food companies do not put out all the information about what goes into the food in which we consume, if the Federal government were to require labeling of all GMO foods then the people could be well educated about what they put inside their bodies, and know if it is good for them or not. GMO stands for genetically modifiedRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration898 Words   |  4 Pagespolicy, foods, such as fruits, vegetables, grains, and their byproducts, derived from plant varieties developed by the new methods of genetic modification are regulated within the existing framework of the act† (FDA). In other words, instead of creating new regulations that are specific to these completely unique food products, they are put within the umbrella of other â€Å"natural† products. As time passes it appears to be harder to establish strict regulations to manage genetically modified food. AccordingRead MoreMarketing Schemes Of Monsanto, Major U.s. Pharmaceutical Corporations And Food Manufacturing Companies1572 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Over 88% of the American people want to know if they are consuming food or using products containing Genetically Modified Organisms, GMO, according to the consumer reports organization. GMOs are organisms whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering, or GE, according to the non-GMO project website. (nongmo project, what is a gmo) Scientist insert, delete, or switch the DNA in certain organisms. Those organisms may be able

Death And The American Civil War - 1404 Words

This Republic of Suffering: Death and The American Civil War exposes a different perspective of the Civil War that is sparsely discussed and challenges the reader to broaden their views and beliefs of the war. Author, Drew Gilpin Faust, conducted nine chapters, or the new and transformed ars moriendi, primarily focusing on the past and present of the Civil War and its soldiers. Faust begins her book with the preface, the Work of Death, giving a brief explanation of the life changing events that took place during the war, and how drastically death affected the nation. Faust goes on to say that â€Å"the United States embarked on a new relationship with death.† The denouement of Faust’s book includes her compelling, influential epilogue, entitled Surviving. Each of her nine chapters touched on a different part of the war, and reached for a further explanation and meaning. Faust’s main ambition of her writing is to prove that the deaths of the Civil War were more co mplex than what this generation assumes. Chapter one, Dying, explained the process of an individual soldier’s death and â€Å"the concept of the Good Death.† Following, the second Chapter, Killing, talks about the force of the war on the people who were involved and the how â€Å"killing was a battle’s fundamental instrument and purpose.† In Chapters three and four, Burying and Naming, the challenges of establishing names of the dead and giving them an adequate burial is debated. The question, â€Å"What should be done with the body,†Show MoreRelatedThe American Civil War Was A Death Filled Four Years1243 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Civil War was a death filled four years. Many people died fighting for what they believed. The north, who won the war, got what they wanted; the south was able to keep their property with nearly no consequences for their actions. 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Moreover, these Americans lived the rest of their lives in perpetual sorrow, andRead MoreA Working Polish Man Named Jurgis Rudkus1199 Words   |  5 Pagessocietal influences. -Thesis: Upton SInclair applied aspects of the Civil War in his novel with his views on the treatment of humanity through the use of symbolism, and the presentation of the conflict and resolution. Body Paragraphs Paragraph 1: 1P: The symbolism presented in the novel brings upon the relation of the oppression experienced by the immigrant workers and African American slaves laboring on farms during the Civil War era. E: â€Å"In these chutes the stream of animals was continuously, pressingRead MoreThe Civil War : The And Soul Of The United States Of America1749 Words   |  7 Pagesstates’ opinions. Then, the Civil War happened. This war was one of the most pivotal points in American history. The government tried to make a decision on its own without the consent of the country as a whole. 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Ihrm Cases free essay sample

International recruitment, selection and repatriation18 Brochure263 Conclusion26 Bibliography28 Chapter 1: Introduction Avon is a beauty company that sells her products all over the world. â€Å"Beauty is about women looking and feeling their best. It’s about championing economic empowerment and improving the lives of women around the world. † This report explains the HR related situations concerning Avon. Avon in the VS is also compared with Avon in China. The situations that can occur in China are evaluated. The first chapter explains the internationalization of the HRM and strategic IHRM. In this chapter, the drivers of the internationalization of Avon are defined. Also the strategic HRM decisions are explained. The next chapter explains the international combination of Avon and the possible HR related problems. Furthermore, the differences in employment laws and labor relations between Avon in de VS and China are defined. Chapter 5 explains the role of international ethics, corporate governance and sustainability. The last chapter defines the international recruitment, selection and repatriation in both the VS and China. Finally, a brochure and conclusion are added. The brochure makes clear what an expatriate should prepare and know before going to China and the conclusion summarizes the findings of this report. Chapter 2: The internationalization of HRM and strategic IHRM 2. 1 Drivers of the increased internationalisation of business for Avon The following forces are the drivers of the increased internationalisation of business for Avon: * Trade agreements Trade agreements between countries makes it possible for Avon to expand to all the countries where Avon operates at the moment. China is a member of the World Trade Organization, which made it an advantage for Avon to do business with this country. * Rapid and extensive global communication The technological revolution and its digital reformation have made global communication easier, quicker and cheaper. Also, information about how people live, think and want is spread all over the world. Through this change, Avon can adapt to the needs and rules in the specific country. Also, it is possible to make contact with employees in other countries and sell the products over the web. Because of this, Avon became aware of intercultural differences and is with this also able to get the company’s employees well trained. This is important because of Avon’s ‘direct selling’ aspect. * Improving global education and global talent pool Avon strives to get the best employees as possible. They give them training, but the improving education around the world makes it possible to get good educated people from almost anywhere in the world. Enabling them to produce world-class products and services. * Homogenisation of culture and consumer goods The integration of cultures and values through the impact of the trade agreements and increasing global enterprises makes that the consumer demands are almost common. This makes it possible for Avon to place her products around the world. Nevertheless distinct differences in culture across countries remain and firms like Avon need to be sensitive for these differences. 2. 2 Typical international enterprise for Avon Avon sells through direct selling, catalogues, mall kiosks and a web based store. Because direct selling is Avon’s major strength, they operate through international alliances, partnerships and consortia. Avon has a well-established sales network that does the direct selling like door-to-door or catalogue selling. People register at Avon and will become an independent representative, selling Avon products. The self-employed person will get training and guidance, but has to sell the products by himself. The only help he gets with this are catalogues and samples. 2. 3 Avon’s choice of market entry for China China is a large country where Avon has lots of opportunities. China has a large population or maintain a well-educated middle class which is a prerequisite for the toiletries/cosmetics industry. One of Avon’s specialties is adapting the needs of the woman of the specific country. The target group are middleclass woman with an average income. This will help Avon expand their workforce and market share. The competitor in China is Olay for Avon, which is bought by Procter amp; Gamble. Olay has almost the same view on beauty products. They create a beauty product for her—one that could not only moisturize her skin, but could also give her the feeling of being beautiful and feminine. China is a masculine country according to Hofstede. This means that they give a low quality in life. Avon will show the woman that the quality in life can be higher by using the right products. Avon will enter the market through partnerships and consortia. This is the most effective way for them because the door-to-door sales are forbidden in China. When they open different shops through partnerships, they still will have the opportunity to create new and loyal members in China. 2. 4 Dominant MNE business strategy for Avon The ‘transnational business strategy’ will be dominant for Avon. The company uses an approach that attempts to maximize both responsiveness and integration. They are global and multi-domestic at the same time. The strategy differs from the global (head-) firm in that the company works hard to localize, to be seen as a local firm with global expertise, technology and resources. Avon adapts his business model because of local considerations and supply chain issues. This helps Avon to expand the workforce, as well as the market share. 2. 5 Adopted international orientation and MNE business strategy by Avon The strategy ‘geo-centrism’ will be adopted by the headquarters of Avon. Avon’s goal is to create a global network and a preference for following a transnational strategy that is integrative and interdependent among various elements of the global organization. For example, Avon has 4. 4 million independent representatives in global markets. For large and growing companies, this strategy has become almost necessary. A competitor of Avon, Unilever, developed the same international orientation. Just like Avon, this company borrows best practices from around the world, rather than giving preference necessarily to either headquarters or local practices. It’s necessary to operate as a global firm, but to look at the local preferences at the same time. 2. 6 Chosen IHRM strategy for Avon Based on the MNE business strategy and international orientation, Avon should choose the IHRM strategy ‘Active IHRM strategy’. This strategy has a high degree of global integration and a high degree of local responsiveness. This strategy balances both global integration and local responsiveness and is most suitable when an MNE has a geo-centric HR orientation. Avon operates globally but also pays a lot of attention to local preferences (for example norms and values). Avon wants good control over the HR decision- making. They find hiring, training and retaining the best employees the most important factor. This is crucial to the company’s strategy. Chapter 3: International mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures and alliances 3. 1 Avon’s form of international combination for China Avon has a transnational organizational structure, which is necessary in order to succeed in China. China is a country with a lot of rules and culture. Avon has to fit in, to adapt to the standards of China, in order to sell her products. The division structure is the Geographic Division Structure, because each region is an independent division with its own managers. In this way, the local managers can adapt to the local conditions. This structure will fit well in China because an American approach will not work in this country. It’s important to adapt to the local preferences and rules. A competitor of Avon is Olay, which also knows that as an international organization, you have to adapt to the local consumers. For example: on their website, everything is customized to the Chinese. 3. 2 HR due diligence The HR due diligence is directed on the culture of China and on the corporate cultures of Avon and of the firm(s) which Avon choose as a possible partner. The pre-combination phase involves the initial target screening and pre-bid courtship of the potential target firm, the ‘due diligence’ review of the target company, the price-setting and negotiation of the approach the partners will take to the combination, and the agreement of the contract wording of the deal. Avon should be aware of the fact that there are many large cultural differences between its own employees and those of China. This all has to do with the differences in the corporate cultures. Avon is focused on the development of a good workforce. This includes that they already are cultural sensitive and find it important to build relationships. These points match to the Chinese culture, which is also focused on relationships and hospitality. With a possible collaboration with a Chinese company, Avon could stick to their values: trust, respect and belief. Chinese businesses namely are based on those values. Punctuality is very important for Chinese businesspeople. Being late is rude. Meetings always begin on time. At the beginning of a meeting, business cards are exchanged. Business cards should be printed in English on one side and Chinese on the other. English is not spoken in business meetings, although some Chinese may understand English without making it known. It is wise to hire an interpreter or ask for one to be provided. In China it is quite normal to have long meetings and lengthy negotiations (often ten days straight), which are often even with many delays. The Chinese will enter a meeting with the highest-ranking person entering first. They will assume the first member of your group to enter the room is the leader of your delegation. The senior Chinese person welcomes everyone. The foreign leader introduces his/her team, and each member distributes his/her card. The leader invites the Chinese to do the same. The seating is also very important at a meeting. The host sits to the left of the most important guest. Furthermore, there may be periods of silence at a business meeting; it can be seen as rude if you interrupt these. If you want to make a contract, the Chinese consider this as a draft subject to change. Chinese may agree on a deal and then change their minds. A signed contract is not binding and does not mean negotiations will end. The status of the people who make the initial contact with the Chinese is also very important. You can insult the Chinese by sending someone with a low rank. If the Chinese side no longer wishes to pursue the deal, they may not tell you. To save their own face, they may become increasingly inflexible and hard-nosed, forcing you to break off negotiations. In this way, they may avoid blame for the failure. 3. 3 Expected problems on the areas of staffing, compensation and benefits Staffing * There can be differences between international labour law and standards. You must take account for employees who previously were used to other standards. * Companies can have other standards for working hours per year of per week. This can be different for employees who come from another company with a different culture/standard. * There can be some problems with labour relations. That is the organisation, impact and influence of the relations between employers and employees. For example, some employees can be used to communicate in an informal way with his colleagues during working hours. Others may see this as unprofessional and prefer a formal way of communication. * In China, HR selection relies on connections and family relationships. In America, this selection is bases on schooling and earlier performances. This can cause problems during for example intake interviews, where Chinese employees expect other things than the American employees. * Compensation * People can have different motives to work for a company. Where one employee works for the money, the other works for the satisfaction he or she gets out of the performed work. * Wages and salaries can be different. This can cause higher expectations from employees. * Benefits * Retirement and saving programs, employee health and welfare programs, and other supplemental benefits can all create significant financial, administrative and employee-qualification problems. * If two companies merge, you have to look at which benefits you want to use from both companies. These benefits have to be the best parts of both companies, but also have to match to each other. * There can be differences in the role that sustainability played in the previous company and is going to play in the future company. Chapter 4: Differences in employment laws and labor relations 4. 1 Differences between Avon in the U. S. and a partner firm in China | Working hours| Labour relations| Salaries| Avon in US| Representatives can organize their own hours. When they sell something, they earn money. | The relations between the employers and employees are in the USA more informal. Superiors are easily accessible. See PDI (power distance) in figure 1 (Geert Hofstede, 2013)| Representatives earn 40% commission on beauty products and throughout their career 50% commission. | Avon in China| In China, the system is the same as in the USA. However, Chinese inhabitants tend to be more persisted to their goal. So they will make more hours than necessary. | In China, the superiors have all the answers. The employees are not allowed to oppose and debate about orders that they have been given. | In China, it is the same concept, so also the same commission/salary. | *Figure 1: Comparisation countries Hofstede 4. 2 International laws which affect the international operations of Avon There are always different common and civil laws in different countries. HR managers from MNE’s have to develop policies that stay within these laws and regulations. Consultants are often highly recommended in unknown countries. For example: in China is direct marketing forbidden. Avon has to adjust their systems to the local preferences and laws. Women in higher functions in China is not very usual and according to Chinese citizens older people are wiser than younger people. The IRHM of Avon has to adjust their system to this. Otherwise, cultural clashes can occur when younger people (or even women) are placed above older people (men). Different countries have also different religions (religious law), on which the advertisements and communication have to be balanced. For example in countries with a Islamic religion, nudity in advertisements have to be reduced. 4. 3 National employment laws and supra- and extraterritorial laws of China National employment laws Salary The salary depends on the locality, industry and skill level. But Full-time employees have to earn minimally: RMB 1,120 per month. This is roughly $165,- for a full time employee (The university of Iowa, 2011). This is lower than in the USA which is $1,257 per month for a full time employee. This can be a positive law for Avon as they can lower their salaries and get the same results from their employees. Overtime The overtime payment is written below, this is according to The university of Iowa (2011). Working hours| Minimum overtime pay| Typical working day| 150 %| Rest day (weekend)| 200 %| National holiday| 300 %| This is a lot more than that is usual in the USA. In de USA is 150 % the norm for overtime. Avon has to adapt to these overtime payments. Labor contract law Every Chinese worker has to have a written contract since 2008. This is already usual in the USA, so this won’t be a problem. Holidays Employees receive a minimum of five days leave per year. When an employee reaches the 15 years’ work experience, he/she gets a minimum of 15 days off per year. This applies to all employees. In the USA this is a minimum of 18 days of per year. 10 days of the employees own choose and 8 national holidays. This is not necessarily a problem for Avon, but they have to take this into account when making the contract. Chinese are not used to take a lot of vacation and often don’t even use all of the 5 and certainly not all of the 15 days off. Maternity leave Female employees are entitled to a minimum of 90 days of maternity leave. Men are not covered under maternity leave, although a lot of employers allow men several days off after the birth of a child. There is an insurance that covers the lost wages of the women during the maternity leave. In the USA women can get maternity leave, but this will be unpaid. They can get 12 weeks (84 days) of maternity leave. This is less than in China and they also don’t get paid. Avon has to get used to the Chinese minimum and pay 1% of payroll expenses to this insurance company. Supranational Laws Supranational laws are laws between member countries. China doesn’t have memberships and supranational laws therefore don’t apply to Avon. Extraterritorial Laws Extraterritorial laws are laws that are applied on multi nationals even outside of the borders. USA has some extraterritorial laws to protect American citizens anywhere in the world. Examples are: SOX, FCPA, ADA and ADEA. These laws protect employees from discrimination, harassment on basis of sex, race, national origin, colour and religion. 4. 4 HR specific preparations for China Immigration/visas The Chinese visas for work or pleasure are often complex. Applying for a China business visa offers a single entry option, which is similar to the tourist visa applications. But it also affords multiple entry variants for 6 months, 1 year or 2 years. (Global visas, 2013) The application for a Visa should be handed over in personal to the visa office. Mailed applications will be refused. This is why many employers hire a visa agent to bring their visa application to the office and help them out with all the complications. (China embassy, 2008) American citizens pay $130 fee for their visa according to the China embassy (2008). Furthermore, the following documents are required: Valid original passport (for at least 6 months) * Completed Visa Application, signed by the applicant * One recent photograph * An employment permit from the ministry of labour and social security or the state administration of foreign experts of China * An invitation letter from a relevant department of Chinese government or a government authorized company. Nationalit y| Single entry| Double entry| Multiple Entry Visahalf- year| Multiple Entry Visaone year| Multiple Entry Visa2 Years| British citizens| 30| 45| 90| 150| 150| American citizens| 80| 80| 80| 80| 80| All other Nationalities| 20| 30| 40| 55| 55| Figure 2: Table of visa fees (GBP) Personal data privacy There is no data protection law in China, but some rules are related to the protection of personal data. There are 8 principles identified by Veronica Lockyer (2013): 1. Information collectors should have specific and clear purposes as well as justifiable reasons when processing personal information. 2. Organizations should collect no more information than is necessary to fulfill their purposes and must delete the information once its intended use has been fulfilled. 3. Information collectors must inform individuals in a clear, understandable and ppropriate manner of the purpose, scope and use of personal information that is collected and of the measures which will be taken to keep the in formation secure. 4. Information collectors must obtain consent to the collection of personal information. 5. Information collectors must ensure that all personal information is complete and up to date. 6. Organizations must take appropriate management and technical measures to keep information secure. 7. Organizations must not continue to use information once the purpose for which it has been collected has been fulfilled. 8. Organizations must clearly define internal responsibilities for personal information, must take appropriate measures to implement the responsibilities and must keep records of data processing. Companies must be aware of the increasing attention that is paid to data privacy and also of the recent expansion of the rules, regulations and guidance from the authorities. It is likely that the guidelines above are the basis of a data privacy law in the future. Anti-discrimination There is no specific anti-discrimination law in China. There are certain general provisions included in other laws and regulations. The employment based discrimination rules are: * No discrimination based on nationality, race, sex or religion. * Equal employment rights for men and women. * Equal pay for equal work. * It is against the law to refuse to hire a female employee because of her gender. * Equal employment opportunities, terms and conditions to each employee. * Discrimination related items are forbidden in recruitment advertisement. Intellectual property According to Forbes (2012) is protecting intellectual property rights the single biggest hurdle for most companies when thinking about entering the Chinese market. The infringement of the IP laws are more worse than in other countries. But there are laws, and these are: * Trademark law * Copyright law * Patent law 4. 5 How US extraterritorial laws affect IHR Extraterritorial laws are laws that are applied on multi nationals even outside of the borders. USA has some extraterritorial laws to protect American citizens anywhere in the world. Examples are: SOX, FCPA, ADA and ADEA. These laws protect employees from discrimination, harassment on basis of sex, race, national origin, colour and religion. An employee of a American firm who believes that she has been subjected to any form of discrimination in a foreign assignment may bring a lawsuit in the US to pursue these claims. It affects IHRM because a MNE has to decide whether it follows the extra-territorial law or the nation’s law. 4. 6 Labour movement evolving as a response to increased globalization Labour is banding together across sectorial, national and international borders to capitalize on every force that interests them. They stand stronger together and have more ground to stand on when discussing with the big MNE’s. *Figure 3: Unionization of labor movement . 7 Concrete recommended actions for achieving relations It is recommended to find a central path between the laws and customs of China and the (extraterritorial) laws and customs of the USA. It is also important to start with the application of a Visa on time. In China it generally takes a lot of time before you get a Visa. Hire a Chinese advisor tha t helps you through all the difficulties of the Chinese government. This is also a good way to get to know inside information regarding labour and rules. Chapter 5: The role of international ethics, corporate governance and sustainability 5. 1 Characteristics of the CLA In China, there are several rules regarding the CLA. Article 4 of the general provisions says: â€Å"The employer shall establish and perfect rules and regulations in accordance with law and guarantee that laborers enjoy labor right and fulfill labor obligations†(2007, Labor law of the peoples republic of China). Another rule they point out is in article 16 of the general provisions: â€Å"Labor contracts are agreements reached between laborers and the employer to establish labor relationships and specify the rights, interests and obligations of each party† †(2007, Labor law of the people’s republic of China). Labor contracts shall become legally binding once they are concluded in accordance with law. The parties involved shall fulfill obligations stipulated in labor contracts. In China, it is accepted for business owners to insist that their new employees accept non-disclosure or non-compete obligations. A non-disclosure obligation is an obligation which protects certain confidential information about the company. A non-compete obligation is an obligation which protects the goodwill and know-how of a certain company. Obligations and respective topics Issues of pay, working hours, rest and vacation, safety and health, insurance and welfare. (Penealr, 2013) * Avon shall take all necessary and appropriate measures to ensure that workers may exercise freely their right to organize. (Penealr, 2013) * Avon shall be taken to encourage and promote the full development and utilization of machinery for voluntary negotiation between employers and trade unions, with a view to the regulation of terms and conditions of employment by means of collective agreements. Penealr, 2013) * Avon must in no way contribute to the Chinese authorities’ suppression of freedom of expression. Business must not supply technology or equipment that could be employed to censor and control internet use. (Amnesty, 2009) China is still a developing country. A lot of information is not available in The Netherlands about the freedom of choice. According to the websites used above, there is a small freedom of choice. People can tell what they want if they have a higher function. According to Hofstede, the power distance is relatively high. When there is a higher power, they have more freedom of choice than the employees beneath them. 5. 2 Co-determination bodies and forms of participation The power distance in China is very high. This also explains that there is very low co-determination. Employees get a lot of responsibility, but only about a long term assignment they have to make. After a long briefing they can work on their assignment. What they have to do is very strict. The co-determination is very low for this reason. The power the employees have is very low, this will also be shown in the next question about the trade unions. The power they have is the power about their assignment. With this assignment they can do what they want as long as they make it the way the manager wants it. This is the responsibility they get. For a Chinese worker this is a lot of responsibility. They will work hard on their long term assignment to proof they are worth the assignment and especially for the welfare of their family. 5. 3 Relationship between trade unions, employers and government? Trade unions in China have many members. 137 million according to the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU, 2013). On their website you can find the following: Trade unions of the foreign-invested enterprises in China have firmly centered on production and business operation to conduct activities and have given support to enterprises in their operation and management according to law; have educated workers to observe factory rules and regulations and discipline; organized workers to launch labor emulation campaigns; and aroused the enthusiasm of the workers for running the enterprises well, so as to contribute to the sound development of the enterprises. But they are impotent when it comes to representing workers. The Chinese party-state recognizes such frail as instability. It has passes labor laws promoting collective contracts, even though these laws are welcome, they are largely hollow. Collective contracts are very different from collective bargaining. This means the Chines unions are not working very well. (Trade Unions in China, 2006). This means that most employees have a collective contract and the Chinese trade unions don’t do that much for them in comparison with West-Europe. The past years, a lot of strikes are held by the Chinese employees. They were not organized by the trade union, but by their own. This is very remarkable. They protest against the trade unions and they want better trade unions. The response of the ACFTU to their employees was not unsympathetic. They mentioned that the official union was not yet up to speed with the rest of the workers’ movement in China. The pressure of the workers forces the union to reassess its role and the way it interacts with the people it is supposed to represent (CLB, 2013). 5. 4 Role of IHR in ethics, corporate governance and sustainability? It is important for International Human Recourses to keep the ethics and the values and believes of the country in mind. Only that way people can work in a properly way. In China there are many different ethics in comparison with the V. S. In China, everyone takes responsibility even though the power distance is high. When you are working you will get an assignment from your manager which is your responsibility. They expect you to take this responsibility. You also have to respect the tradition. You are not able to change the things which are tradition. These traditions are very important for the Chinese. As the Americans work for their personal welfare, the Chinese work for their Family welfare. If they can work extra, they will do that for their families. In this you also see the collectivism they have in China. You can conclude that China is very different from the U. S. For that reason it is really important to take everyone’s values and believes in account. 5. 5 Which sustainable HR practices can Avon formulate to affect employees and labor relations positively in the U. S. and in your chosen country? The best way Avon can handle in China is to take the different cultures in account. The Chinese are very different to the U. S workers. The Chinese also need time to adjust to the culture just like the Americans. They may even need more time to adjust. The Expatriate will be treated like a family member and the company has to help overcome the culture shock and provide intensive pre-departure training. In this way, the culture shock will be held small and the workforce will be a ten out of ten. In the first stage, the Chinese will keep their family behind until they are adjusted to the new culture and environment. After that everything will just role in their own way. It is a very sustainable way to keep all these points in mind when sending an expatriate to China. Family status is very high in China. Therefore it is very important to maintain these values and believes. Chapter 6: International recruitment, selection and repatriation 6. 1 Arguments for the pending choice of Avon to use either PCNs, HCNs or TCNs * Host Country Nationals, these are the local nationals. In the case where the decision is made to locate a subsidiary or business unit in a country where the local population lacks the necessary education or training, then IHR must find other ways to staff the necessary workforce, for example by training locals, hiring TCNs or bringing in parent-company international assignees. Parent Country Nationals, typically defined as citizens of the country of the headquarters of the MNE and employed by the firm in the country of its headquarters. When PCNs are transferred to another country, to work in a foreign subsidiary or other type of operation (such as a joint venture or alliance) of the MNE, they are generally referred to as expatriates or international assignees. When they return home, they are referred to as repatriates. Third Country Nationals, used particularly in areas where there is either a shortage of people with the skills the firm needs or where there is a relatively free movement of people from one country to another. TCNs are being used if parent-company managers and technicians are not readily available or not available in the numbers needed. 6. 2 Methods of recruitment and selection for choosing an expatriate Chosen recruitment channel Recruitment involves searching for and attracting qualified applicants to create an applicant pool. After recruiting, there are two broad types of recruiting sources/channels available to organizations: internal recruiting sources and external recruiting sources. For Avon, it is possible to first find candidates through internal recruiting resources. These resources mostly reduce labor costs, are valued by employers and can enhance the reputation of the company as an employer of choice. However, internal recruiting sources can limit the size and to some extent the quality of the applicant pool and may encourage infighting and inbreeding. If Avon decides to choose internal recruiting channels, it is wise to choose them out of the groups ‘former or current expatriates’ or ‘international succession planning programs’. Former or current expatriates are individuals who have been on foreign assignments or are currently on an assignment. In Avon’s case, employees who have been to China for such a foreign assignment are the most attractive. Avon could also choose employees who have been or still are in countries with similar culture as the Chinese culture, which makes them probably also feel comfortable with working in China. Internal succession planning programs are internal programs designed to prepare high-potential employees for overseas positions such as ‘look-see visits’ or ‘short-term developmental’ foreign assignments. This prepares employees for a possible cooperation with Chinese companies. Avon could also decide to use external recruiting channels and locate candidates from outside the organization. The two most obvious channels are ‘executive search firms’ and ‘professional associations or networks’. Executive search firms are recruiting firms that specialize in particular types of individuals or industries. These firms are able to find the perfect candidate for Avon to work with its Chinese partners, because they are specialized in finding the right employee for working within the right corporate culture. Professional associations or networks includes that members of professional associations are potential applications. Avon could use its own external networks to find the right candidates, for example through other (Chinese) business partners or through LinkedIn. It is good to always use multiple recruiting channels so as to increase diversity and generate a larger pool of applications. Attracting candidates to work internationally raises also an important challenge for Avon. It can be hard to find individuals who are interested in international work as well as those who are interested in permanent international careers. It can be a big step for American employees to start working in China, because they actually have to move (maybe with their family) to the other side of the world. So it is important to use recruiting sources that find candidates with high receptivity to international careers: an individual’s attitude toward international careers and is one of the most frequently suited factors in assessing why people undertake careers in international work. Advertisement with criteria for two positions The specific criteria to select employees has a lot to do with their future success in the international assignment. The most important selection criteria for international assignments include job suitability, cultural adaptability and desire for international assignments. _____________________________________________________________________________ Advertisement 1: Senior Account Manager in Shanghai Avon is looking for a Senior Account Manager to join the Avon China Sales team based in Shanghai, China. As a Senior Account Manager you will be responsible for setting up, coordinating and managing our network of Advertising Partners, agency relationships an d direct advertisers for different digital channels. You will report globally to Avon and locally to our General Manager in China. Requirements/criteria: * Affinity with beauty products for woman * Minimum of 5+ years of experience in similar position Demonstrated highly-effective relationship-building and networking skills * High desire for a foreign assignment and willingness to make the necessary efforts to adjust _____________________________________________________________________________ Advertisement 2: Quality Manager in Beijing Avon is looking for a Quality Manager to join the Avon China Quality team based in Beijing, China. As a Quality Manager, you will be responsible for consolidating and tracking the quality of compliance metrics, identify, analyse the gap with target, recommend initiatives for continuous improvement and compliance enforcement. You will also promote the quality awareness in the markets cultivating a continuous improvement culture. Requirements/criteria: * Able to develop and maintain excellent working relationships, work successfully within a team environment and as an individual contributor * Cultural sensitivity and ability to work and thrive in a multi-cultural environment, as well as an ability to work in a matrix environment * Proactive team player, able to take charge and follow-through. Achievement-oriented with a high degree of flexibility and ability to adapt to a changing environment _____________________________________________________________________________ Selection method in all components of the process In one of the first stages, Avon could use a number of formal assessment instruments designed by industrial psychologist that primarily evaluate a candidate’s personal traits and competencies. These can contain for example adaptability, flexibility or openness to new experiences. After these ssessments, Avon can decide which elements are important to successful foreign cultural adjustment. After this stage, Avon could select expatriates by interviewing them, which may be best done by a representative of the home country, a representative of the host country and an interculturalist (someone with the ability to assess the candidate’s ability to adjust to the foreign culture). Avon could also choose for a combination of the earlier mentioned proce dures but rely, in the end, on self-selection by the candidate himself. Avon is interested in candidates taking the time to look at the issues involved with relocation to a foreign country and culture and assessing whether they think they are ready or have the necessary skills, experience or attitude to be successful in the overseas assignment. These assessments may result in the individual realizing they aren’t ready now, but they would like to take such an assignment at some later time in their career. Avon is able to emphasise themselves in this situation, especially because China is the complete opposite of America, looking at the business culture and environment. Decision making process in written and oral selection The selection process starts with an analysis of the job requirements. Avon has to find out what the technical and cultural requirements of the job will be. Also the managerial responsibilities have to be analysed and there has to be determined for what kind of candidate they are looking. Once the number, types and the quality of employees needed are specified, organizations need to find candidates from labor markets that are geographically dispersed. This process is called ‘sourcing’. After this, Avon will publish a job assignment on their official website or send this advertisement to extern job agencies. In this job assignment, the preferred skills and desired profile will be described extensively. Avon will receive multiple responses on this advertisement, mostly of them will be on paper or by email. With the most attractive candidates, an oral interview will be arranged. During this interview, the following subjects will be discussed: * Availability * Job abilities * Personality characteristics * Career status * Desire for assignment * Family situation Language skills * Prior experiences * 6. 3 Strategy of repatriation to the U. S. to be used by HRM of Avon. Avon has to set up a program or training that let the employee understand that it will take time, sometimes longer than expected, to settle into what was once a very familiar environment. Avon has to allow the employee and its family time to re-establish their contacts and friendships. The employee has to keep in mind that he might no longer interact in the same way, since family and friends cannot fully comprehend what you and your family have experienced. Despite great efforts by both the company and the expatriate to discuss the relocation openly, reverse culture shock continues to exist. Avon can provide several support practices to repatriates to prevent problems. These practices can be organized according to three phases: before the foreign assignment; during the foreign assignment; and after the completion of the foreign assignment. First, the assignment needs to be part of a larger plan for the firm, so that the repatriate returns to a specific position that uses the international learning and experience. This can be realized by a ‘back-home mentor’, who is both a contact in the home office for the expatriate who is working on an international assignment , but who also provides information about what is going on back at the home office. Support activities are critical in terms of ensuring a high retention rate. There has to be clear, constant and regular communication between the home office and the expatriates. The expatriates should also be assigned to a mentor, to guide future career development. This also can be realized by e-mails or intranet, which should encourage the expatriate to communicate with colleagues and mentors back home in America. After the completion of the foreign assignment, repatriates and their families often have trouble with adjusting to the lifestyle back home. Avon has to take into account that most of its employees are changed by the foreign experience and not only must relearn their original culture and lifestyle, but probably experience it quite differently than when they left. The expatriates should be supported by cross-cultural training before they move abroad, to make their ‘come-back’ also easier. What arrangements do I have to make before leaving? Inform the tax authorities that you are moving to another country. Make sure that you speak English and Chinese. It is an advantage when an expat speaks the language from the host country, because this will gain respect and understanding. The dialect that is the most common in China is Mandarin. It is advised to follow a course before going to China. Take your medical records with you and when something happens in China, add this to the record. Chinese doctors don’t keep the records for you, patients are expected to do this for their selves. What do I have to know about shipping my properties? Importing and exporting money is limited to 6. 000 RMB. When transporting more money, this has to be clarified to the customs. Shipped goods will be released when the licenses are obtained. Keeping your necessary baggage with you is recommended. It is recommended to buy a car in China, as the import license is hard to get. As many apartments can be rented furnished in China and there are many shopping options, it may be worth leaving most of the household in the home country if you plan to return. What will my salary be? When hired from within China, your salary might be lower than what you earned back home. The costs of living, however, are much lower than in western countries. So eventually the buying power will rise. Make sure that health insurance is included in your salary package, because this can be quite expensive. Brochure Expat to China All you need to know What arrangements do I have to make before leaving? Inform the tax authorities that you are moving to another country. Make sure that you speak English and Chinese. It is an advantage when an expat speaks the language from the host country, because this will gain respect and understanding. The dialect that is the most common in China is Mandarin. It is advised to follow a course before going to China. Take your medical records with you and when something happens in China, add this to the record. Chinese doctors don’t keep the records for you, patients are expected to do this for their selves. What do I have to know about shipping my properties? Importing and exporting money is limited to 6. 000 RMB. When transporting more money, this has to be clarified to the customs. Shipped goods will be released when the licenses are obtained. Keeping your necessary baggage with you is recommended. It is recommended to buy a car in China, as the import license is hard to get. As many apartments can be rented furnished in China and there are many shopping options, it may be worth leaving most of the household in the home country if you plan to retu rn. What will my salary be? When hired from within China, your salary might be lower than what you earned back home. The costs of living, however, are much lower than in western countries. So eventually the buying power will rise. Make sure that health insurance is included in your salary package, because this can be quite expensive. Brochure Expat to China All you need to know †¦ questions and answers to be fully prepared for your leave †¦ questions and answers to be fully prepared for your leave How is the (public) transportation within China? Transportation can be by bus (around 1 a 2 RMB) or by train (6km: 3 RMB and then per 10km 1 RMB). When taking a taxi it is important to speak Mandarin or having your hotel, business address and home address written in Chinese on a card. It is furthermore common to sit in the front passenger seat and it is not required to tip the driver. What are the conditions of employment? A normal working week is from Monday till Friday from 8 o’clock till 5 o’clock with an hour break. The 1st of October is a national day, the last days of January and the first of February is Chinese New Year, 1 may is the day of the labor. Employees are free on these days. The employment in China is contract based. In this contract the contributions in the accommodation and the car are clarified. How is the medical insurance? This is quite expensive for foreign expatriates. In average this will cost around 1. 300 RMB. It is advisable to go to a foreign-run hospital, as they have better techniques with western doctors. Fees though, are very costly and health insurance may not always be accepted. Before going to a hospital, research whether they will accept your insurance. Prescriptions written overseas will not be accepted in China. So if you are currently taking medication, be sure to set up an appointment upon arrival to have a new prescription written. These are generally covered by the insurance. How is the (public) transportation within China? Transportation can be by bus (around 1 a 2 RMB) or by train (6km: 3 RMB and then per 10km 1 RMB). When taking a taxi it is important to speak Mandarin or having your hotel, business address and home address written in Chinese on a card. It is furthermore common to sit in the front passenger seat and it is not required to tip the driver. What are the conditions of employment? A normal working week is from M onday till Friday from 8 o’clock till 5 o’clock with an hour break. The 1st of October is a national day, the last days of January and the first of February is Chinese New Year, 1 may is the day of the labor. Employees are free on these days. The employment in China is contract based. In this contract the contributions in the accommodation and the car are clarified. How is the medical insurance? This is quite expensive for foreign expatriates. In average this will cost around 1. 300 RMB. It is advisable to go to a foreign-run hospital, as they have better techniques with western doctors. Fees though, are very costly and health insurance may not always be accepted. Before going to a hospital, research whether they will accept your insurance. Prescriptions written overseas will not be accepted in China. So if you are currently taking medication, be sure to set up an appointment upon arrival to have a new prescription written. These are generally covered by the insurance. Will my partner get a job easily in China? Expats are rarely employed by local Chinese companies. The way to get to work in China is through international companies, relationships or high education and skills. A Chinese work permit is needed for a foreigner to work in China. This is also the visa that is needed to enter the country. How are the schools for my kids in China? The state-funded schools are not a good option for children of expatriates ecause the colleges are all given in Mandarin and the standards may not be recognized when returning home. The standards of private schools however are generally high and the education and qualifications will definitely be recognized when returning home. How is the (business) culture in China? Connections are very important when doing business. Much time is devoted to establishing a relationship. Chinese inhabitants will therefore rarely do business with people they don’t know. Seniority and hierarchy are very important in China. Respect for older and more powerful people must be showed. Being punctual and formally dressed is important. A business card should be printed in English and Chinese and both handed over in the beginning of the meeting. Upon an introduction, both the persons stand up and bow. A handshake is also accepted. This is the time to exchange business cards. A gift should never be opened in front of the giver, unless the giver insists. An ID should always be carried with you, as spot checks are very common and failure to show evidence in ID will result in a fine or detention. Will my partner get a job easily in China? Expats are rarely employed by local Chinese companies. The way to get to work in China is through international companies, relationships or high education and skills. A Chinese work permit is needed for a foreigner to work in China. This is also the visa that is needed to enter the country. How are the schools for my kids in China? The state-funded schools are not a good option for children of expatriates because the colleges are all given in Mandarin and the standards may not be recognized when returning home. The standards of private schools however are generally high and the education and qualifications will definitely be recognized when returning home. How is the (business) culture in China? Connections are very important when doing business. Much time is devoted to establishing a relationship. Chinese inhabitants will therefore rarely do business with people they don’t know. Seniority and hierarchy are very important in China. Respect for older and more powerful people must be showed. Being punctual and formally dressed is important. A business card should be printed in English and Chinese and both handed over in the beginning of the meeting. Upon an introduction, both the persons stand up and bow. A handshake is also accepted. This is the time to exchange business cards. A gift should never be opened in front of the giver, unless the giver insists. An ID should always be carried with you, as spot checks are very common and failure to show evidence in ID will result in a fine or detention. What do I have to arrange when I travel back? You need to complete forms, just like when you arrived. It is easy to contact the consulate where you are registered to sort out your situation. When you pass the border it is necessary to have a fully detailed inventory of your furniture and a moving form attestation. It is also important to think about school registration when children are involved. Make sure there is money in the bank. International relocation can be expensive. How will it be to come back after the time abroad? For most expatriates is returning home very hard, because they return different then when they left. Seek a mentor when you accepted an overseas function. This person will keep you informed and assists in your career path and also with the repatriation. It is also possible to attend a repatriation workshop that helps to prepare for the feelings that occur when returning home. Those workshops also update you with information. If children are involved, prepare them for going back home. Just like yourself, they have a lot of experiences and this can set them apart from their peers. Communicate regularly with their school and make sure they get all the support needed. Discuss career opportunities with your employer so that you avoid surprises when returning home. What do I have to arrange when I travel back? You need to complete forms, just like when you arrived. It is easy to contact the consulate where you are registered to sort out your situation. When you pass the border it is necessary to have a fully detailed inventory of your furniture and a moving form attestation. It is also important to think about school registration when children are involved. Make sure there is money in the bank. International relocation can be expensive. How will it be to come back after the time abroad? For most expatriates is returning home very hard, because they return different then when they left. Seek a mentor when you accepted an overseas function. This person will keep you informed and assists in your career path and also with the repatriation. It is also possible to attend a repatriation workshop that helps to prepare for the feelings that occur when returning home. Those workshops also update you with information. If children are involved, prepare them for going back home. Just like yourself, they have a lot of experiences and this can set them apart from their peers. Communicate regularly with their school and make sure they get all the support needed. Discuss career opportunities with your employer so that you avoid surprises when returning home. How is the taxation? When living and working for more than 183 days in China, you have to pay taxes. The percentage that has to be paid over the income varies between 5% to 45% depending on the height of the earnings. You may be able to continue paying social security contributions in the h ome country. It is advisable to do this when you plan to return, to preserve the pension. Is it recommended to open a Chinese bank account? Yes, because withdrawing money from a overseas bank account has expensive fees. A lot of patience, the Visa, passport and prove of residence is required to open an account. It is advisable to open two accounts, because the maximum withdrawal per day is 5,000 Yuan, which is not very much. Two accounts enable you to double the withdrawal, and then you can afford the big ticket items, such as air tickets or electrical goods. How is the taxation? When living and working for more than 183 days in China, you have to pay taxes. The percentage that has to be paid over the income varies between 5% to 45% depending on the height of the earnings. You may be able to continue paying social security contributions in the home country. It is advisable to do this when you plan to return, to preserve the pension. Is it recommended to open a Chinese bank account? Yes, because withdrawing money from a overseas bank account has expensive fees. A lot of patience, the Visa, passport and prove of residence is required to open an account. It is advisable to open two accounts, because the maximum withdrawal per day is 5,000 Yuan, which is not very much. Two accounts enable you to double the withdrawal, and then you can afford the big ticket items, such as air tickets or electrical goods. Conclusion Avon sells through direct selling, catalogues, mall kiosks and web based store. This is Avon’s major strength and because of that they operate through international alliances, partnerships and consortia. The transnational business strategy is dominant for Avon because Avon has an approach that attempts to maximize both responsiveness and integration. They are global and multi-domestic at the same time. In the Chinese market their competitor will be Olay. Olay is a company bought by Procter amp; Gamble and has the same view on beauty products. Door-to-door selling is forbidden in China, therefore it is best for Avon to enter the Chinese market through international alliances, partnerships and consortia. When Avon expands to China, the geo-centrism strategy will be adapted by the headquarters. This way they will borrow the best practices from around the world. In IHRM the strategy they will choose is the Active IHRM strategy. This strategy has a high degree of global integration and a high degree of local responsiveness. This is the most suitable when a MNE has a geo-centric HR orientation. The division structure is the geographic division structure, because each region is an independent division with its own managers. This way, the local managers can adapt to the local conditions. This is very importing when expanding to china because an American approach will not work in this country. It is very important to adapt to the local preferences and rules. Before choosing a partner, it is very important for Avon to have a good due diligence. There are so many cultural differences between its own employees and those of China. They have to take care that all these differences will be taken into account. Not only a culture clash between employees will be possible, there are also problems in the staffing, compensation and benefits that are expected. In China there are different labor laws, standards and relations. In China HR selection relies on connections and family relationships, in America HR selection relies on schooling and earlier performances. Also in working hours and salaries are many differences. It is very important for Avon to take all of these differences into account. HR specific preparations for China are immigration and visas, which is very important in China. Personal data privacy is also very important because there is no data protection law in China like there is in America. This is also the case for anti-discrimination. There is no specific law for anti-discrimination. Therefore it is recommended to find a central path between the laws and customs of china and the (extraterritorial) laws and customs of the USA. Hiring a Chinese advisor will help Avon through all the difficulties of the Chinese government. We recommend Avon to extensively reflect the decision of expanding to China. It is a very difficult country to fit with the needs and demands of the customers. The expanding to China will therefore take a lot of time. Avon has to do a really good due diligence and bring the differences well in map. 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